Cattle feeding profitability has been on a roller coaster ride the last couple of years, according Purdue University Extension economist James Mintert. Estimated cattle feeding returns calculated each month by Iowa State Extension provide insight into the situation Corn Belt feeders face.
"According to the Iowa State data, which assumes that cattle are placed on feed each month with inputs purchased and fed cattle sold in the cash market without any risk management, cattle feeders suffered horrific losses in both 2015 and 2016," Mintert said. "Losses continued throughout 2016 and still averaged a loss of $117 per head for a typical yearling feeding program, and a loss of $216 per head for a typical calf feeding program, during 2016's October to December quarter."
The situation changed dramatically in 2017.
"Relying again on the Iowa State estimates, during the first nine months of 2017, feeding returns for yearlings averaged +$198 per head and +$191 for calves," Mintert adds. "The turnaround was even more dramatic when the monthly returns are examined, as monthly yearling returns actually reached +$415 and calf feeding returns climbed over $500 per head during May 2017."
The return for feeding calves during May was a new record in the Iowa State data going back to 1981 and the yearling feeding return was the highest value since 2003. The increase in feeding returns during 2003 occurred primarily as a result of a surge in fed cattle prices during the brief time window when Canada was locked out of the export markets because of BSE in Canada and before the United States had its first BSE case.
"The increase in feeding returns in spring 2017 was the result of cattle feeders' breakevens declining from $117 per hundredweight at the beginning of the year to the upper $90s per hundredweight, for calf programs, and the low $100s per hundredweight, for yearling programs, by spring, combined with a strengthening fed cattle market," Mintert said. "Sale prices for fed cattle climbed roughly $20 per hundredweight from the beginning of 2017 to mid-spring, pushing the revenue per head up by approximately $250 per head."
According to Mintert, although cattle feeding was profitable during most of 2017, Corn Belt feeding returns did turn negative in September 2017, relying on Iowa State's calculations. Yearling returns in September were –$41 per head and calf feeding returns were -$26 per head.
The shift from profitability to negative returns begs the question, what lies ahead for cattle feeders?
"Answering that question requires a better understanding of what was behind the large losses in 2015 and 2016," Mintert said.
He explains that the losses that occurred in 2015 and 2016 were mostly attributable to two factors: 1) cattle feeders bid up feeder cattle prices to record levels, which in turn, pushed the fed-cattle prices needed to breakeven up dramatically and 2) contrary to expectations, prices for fed cattle dropped sharply. The combination of high costs and weak fed-cattle prices proved devastating, leading to record losses for cattle feeders.
What's happened so far in 2017?
Mintert says total costs per head have climbed since the peak in profitability last spring, but the increase to date has been modest. Total costs per head for a yearling program rose from $1,388 per head for cattle marketed during May to $1,420 per head for cattle marketed in September. The big shift occurred in the value of fed cattle marketed. The total sales value per head dropped from a peak of $1,815 to just $1,388 in September as the fed-cattle sales price decline from a monthly average near $140 last May to less than $107 in September.
"To date, it appears that cattle feeders have not repeated the mistakes of 2015 and 2016 with both calf and yearling values trading at more manageable price levels, helping to hold down feeders' breakeven prices," Mintert said. "The real key to profitability will be the direction that fed-cattle prices follow the rest of the fall and into early winter."
Mintert says cash prices for slaughter cattle bottomed in early September, trading near $105 per hundredweight in the Southern Plains. Prices have strengthened since then, climbing above $124 last week after trading near $118 a week earlier.
"The turnaround in fed cattle prices has pushed cattle feeding returns back into positive territory," Mintert said. "Given the moderation in feeder cattle prices this year, unlike 2015 and 2016, prospects for cattle feeders to operate profitably the rest of the fall and early winter look good."